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- October 12, 1987"My Name Is on the Building"Henry Ford II: 1917-1987
-
-
- As the grandson of the founder of the Ford Motor Co., Henry Ford
- II bore one of the most powerful names in American business.
- He used it wisely to save the second largest U.S. automaker in
- its dark days after World War II. He used it arrogantly when
- he put down executives who dared to contradict him by reminding
- them, "My name is on the building."
-
- During the 35 years that he ran the firm, Ford gathered around
- him men who became important leaders in their own right. Among
- them: Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense under Presidents
- Kennedy and Johnson and later head of the World Bank; Chrysler
- Chairman Lee Iacocca; and Charles ("Tex") Thornton, who
- co-founded Litton Industries. Yet none of them ever claimed to
- understand the man they always addressed as Mr. Ford. When he
- died last week of complications from pneumonia in Detroit's
- Henry Ford Hospital, he was still unfathomable.
-
- Almost untouchable on his corporate throne, Ford was perhaps the
- most secure executive in America. A biographer once told him
- that his book would give Ford the chance to set the record
- straight about many things. Snapped Ford: "Oh, let the fairy
- tale continue. Who gives a damn?" His most famous expression,
- which he borrowed from Benjamin Disraeli, the 19th century
- British Prime Minister: "Never complain. Never explain."
-
- Ford could afford to play high-stakes games, and he had fun
- doing it. He stunned the automobile world in 1968, when he
- offered the presidency of Ford to Semon ("Bunkie") Knudsen, then
- a top executive at General Motors. Ford rented an Oldsmobile
- and drove to Knudsen's house to offer him the job. Within 19
- months, though, Ford fired Knudsen, who had made the error of
- trying to get too chummy with the boss. One mistake: he
- constantly barged into Ford's office without knocking.
-
- Born Sept. 4, 1917, to Edsel and Eleanor Clay Ford, Henry led
- the privileged yet cloistered life of Henry Ford's grandson.
- His boyhood included chauffeur-driven lifts to grammar school.
- After Hotchkiss, Ford went to Yale, but he did not graduate.
- Reason: he paid a student to write a paper for him about
- Thomas hardy's novels. Although admitting that he cheated, Ford
- denied that he was caught because he accidentally dropped the
- bill for the student's services into the professor's lap. "I
- may be stupid," he told Biographer Booton Herndon, "but I'm not
- that stupid."
-
- After Yale, Ford worked in the company's engineering department
- before going into the Navy in April 1941. But in August 1943,
- a month before his 26th birthday, Ford was released from active
- duty so that he could return to Detroit to help put the Ford
- Motor Co. back on its feet. Years of erratic one-man rule by
- old Henry had left the company a shambles, and the Government
- was afraid the firm would not be able to produce the amphibious
- vehicles and planes needed for the war effort.
-
- The founder was then 80 and shakily in control after the death
- the previous May of his son Edsel from cancer. In his dotage,
- the old man had surrounded himself with managerial incompetents
- and given them enormous power. Among them was Harry Bennett,
- Ford's pistol- toting aide-de-camp, who had become the company
- Rasputin. Young Ford demanded that his grandfather turn all
- management control over to him. "I want a completely free
- hand," he said. The old man finally relented. In 1945, at 28,
- Henry Ford II took charge. His first act was to fire Bennett.
-
- The corporate rebuilding job that young Ford faced was
- formidable. The company was losing nearly $10 million a month,
- and labor relations were chaotic. The new boss did what any
- good manager in trouble does: he sought help. Ford accepted
- an offer made by a brash team of former Air Force officers and
- signed them up in a package deal. He gave them salaries that
- were princely at the time, ranging from $9,000 to $16,000.
- Among the ten Whiz Kids, as they were called: McNamara and
- Arjay Miller, both of whom later became Ford presidents. Henry
- raided GM for the man to head the new team, Ernest Breech,
- possibly the best production chief in the U.S. at the time.
-
- The Whiz Kids brought modern professional management to Ford.
- They introduced financial controls and restructured the company
- along divisional lines, much as Alfred Sloan had done at GM.
- In the 1950s and 1960s, under Ford and Breech, the reborn Ford
- Motor Co. prospered and came up with several winners, including
- the sporty Thunderbird in 1954 and the Mustang in 1964. One
- failure, though, became synonymous with marketing disaster: the
- Edsel in 1957. In later years, Ford was not as successful. The
- company lagged behind its rivals in coming up with the right mix
- of fuel-efficient cars after the energy crisis of the early
- 1970s. Ford insisted that Americans would never buy small
- economy cars, and the firm did not have those models when
- consumers demanded them.
-
- Outside the office, Ford did what he wanted, when he wanted.
- A reveler, Ford once led an orchestra through a swimming pool
- while the musicians played When the Saints Go Marching In. He
- divorced Anne, his wife of 24 years, in 1964 to marry Maria
- Cristina Vettore Austin, a divorced Italian jet-setter. That
- marriage broke up in 1980, and the settlement cost Henry an
- estimated $15 million. He married Kathleen DuRoss, at the time
- an operator of a Detroit disco, later that year.
-
- Ford was serious about using the family name for worthy causes.
- After the Detroit race riots in 1967 left 43 dead, Ford headed
- an effort to find jobs for blacks. He lent his name and money
- to the building of Detroit's Renaissance Center, a financial
- flop that lost an estimated $140 million in its first four years
- and had to be refinanced in 1983.
-
- One of Ford's last decisions at the company was determining who
- would the first non-Ford to head it. Iacocca had been in the
- running, but Ford fired him in 1978. "I think you should
- leave," he told him. "It's best for the company." Iacocca
- demanded to know why this was being done to the man who fathered
- the Mustang and had just led Ford to two years of record
- profits. Ford shrugged his shoulders and said, "Sometimes you
- just don't like somebody." In 1980 Philip Caldwell was picked
- as Ford's successor.
-
- Ford spent his final years living in England and Florida. He
- joined Sotheby's, the art auction house, as vice chairman, and
- he sat on the board of directors of a local bank. He continued
- to work for his old company and at the time of his death was
- head of the finance committee of the board of directors. To the
- end, he remained as secure as ever. After all, his name was on
- the building.
-
- --By John S. DeMott
-
-